Overpopulation Essay

Overpopulation Essay There are numerous issues today that represent a danger to our lifestyle. Overpopulation is a major issue that will in the end have an incredibly negative impact on our nations, and our planet. The issues that emerge because of overpopulation could even demonstrate to a deadly plague that will in the long run crash the whole human race. As a rule this issue is ignored because of absence of information and comprehension of the subject; or, just in light of the fact that the vast majority of us are honored to such an extent that we are not influenced direct by the issues it is causing right now. Overpopulation, in my conviction, is a tremendously genuine worldwide issue that ought to be distinguished, examined, and controlled right away. The term overpopulation truly implies that the quantity of things (for this situation: people) that rely upon assets for endurance is fundamentally bigger than the measure of assets accessible to them. Today our planet is encountering the impacts of duplicating residents as a result of the deterrents nature is being compelled to take on. Many accept that Earth is by and by involved by to numerous individuals (Stefoff 16). After a seemingly endless amount of time after year the populace duplicates quicker and quicker. â€Å"Currently the total populace is developing by 80 million individuals a year† (Hohm, Jones, and Lio 116). By and by, there are around 6 billion individuals involving this planet, and by the center of the moving toward century the U.N. predicts that the tally will arrive at 9.4 billion (Mitchell). Both created and creating nations are in danger of the perilous issues that overpopulation can and will make. â€Å"Nearly 60% of the expansion will happen in Asiaà ¢â‚¬ ¦China’s populace will grow from 1.2 billion to 1.5 billion, India’s is anticipated to take off from 930 million to 1.53 billion. In the Middle East and North Africa, the populace will presumably more than twofold, and in Sub-Saharan Africa, it will triple† (Mitchell). â€Å"Population is dictated by the interaction of two elements. One is the birth rate, or the number or individuals being conceived, and the other is passing rate, or the number who bite the dust. The diverse between the two is call the pace of normal increase† (Stefoff 25). On the off chance that the quantity of passings is not exactly the quantity of births, at that point the populace is becoming bigger; therefore, on the off chance that the quantity of passings is more prominent than the quantity of births, at that point the populace is diminishing (Stefoff 25). A central point that is now and then ignored is the possibility that quick development will happen because of the bigger size of the new conceptive age in examination with the considerably less past regenerative ages. This implies in the following a quarter century around 3 billion individuals will start the conceptive period of their lives; while just roughly 1.8 billion individuals will pull back from that phase of life (Mitchell). Uncontrolled, youthful multiplication is a main source of congestion. Sicknesses and clinical advances that cause a reduction in passings are likewise perspectives that influence populace. Instruction, financial movement, and changes in ways of life all have an impact in the expansion of populace (Commoner). Various ideas and appearances in our environmental factors stunt individuals into believing that any issues with overpopulation are non-existent. Countries are isolated into two classifications: those with quick populace increments, and those with more slow populace builds (Ehrlich 17). This division among countries is introduced in the accompanying statement: â€Å"An progressively isolated human network will debase the worldwide condition further as portion inside it battle to overwhelm one another and misuse what survives from the nature’s assets. Political pioneers must acknowledge rather that we should fabricate a caring feeling of human network in a world scale to coordinate the worldwide natural emergency that goes up against everyone† (Hohm, Jones, and Lio 137). The world has enough riches to cause it to give the idea that there are no populace issues, yet the riches doesn't do any great as a result of its lopsided conveyance. The less blessed countries have a m ore noteworthy birth rate in light of destitution (Commoner). Destitution stricken countries will twofold in human include in twenty years in the event that they proceed at their current rate. One hundred twenty years is the multiplying time for increasingly prosperous countries. This happens on account of social and monetary contrasts between the two, for example, human hopelessness, ailments, and ways of life (Ehrlich 42). I might now want to present the Malthusian speculations. Thomas Robert Malthus was one of the first to consider populace (Stefoff 34). â€Å"A populace in the end becomes to large for its asset base, and afterward starvation, war, and ailment will force populace limits† (Stefoff 34). He has his own hypothesis about populace that states as follows: â€Å"The intensity of populace is indefinately more noteworthy than the force in the Earth to create substances for man.† This is additionally clarified by his conviction that populaces increment geometrically (1-2-4-8-16), while assets can just growâ arithmetically (1-2-3-4-5) (). This hypothesis is clearly consistent essentially on the grounds that without food everybody will become deprived and in the end starve to death. Food deficiency gets a limited quantity of consideration among all around took care of Americans on the grounds that â€Å"we† have no motivation to know or worried about the peril that the defici encies advance. Presently that is turning into an increasingly major issue individuals are gradually picking up mindfulness on account of media, for example, news inclusion (Ehrlich 21). Lack of healthy sustenance is an issue in all pieces of the world. Every year 40-60 million people in immature nations bite the dust of starvation or diseases identified with it. Absence of nourishment can cause disorders, for example, sickliness, rickets, pellagra also. Poor resistance is additionally a result that places individuals at risk for getting things like flu, lockjaw, measles, and tuberculosis (Stefoff 54). A wide range of conditions and circumstance represent the ascent and fall of populace numbers. Alongside fast populace development come risky ecological issues. Populace development has added to each danger to our biological system. Overpopulation is the base of natural decays, for example, a dangerous atmospheric devation, the ozone openings, rainforest demolition, contamination, and some more. An unnatural weather change is the planet’s by and large temperature rising as a result of a more noteworthy of convergence of ozone depleting substances noticeable all around. Human actives, including breath, discharge these gases making the Earth heat gradually (Stefoff 39). Woods are being chopped down faster than they can recreate themselves because of human requirement for more space. Deforestation presents different issues, for example, the passing of species. Edward Wilson, a scientist, accepts that every year 10,000-17,500 types of plants, feathered creature, creepy crawlies, reptiles, and warm blooded animals become intuition (Stefoff 45). Contamination increment is a c onspicuous situation issue that will increment radically because of overpopulation. In spite of the fact that not referenced regularly, wrongdoing is one increasingly negative impact that overpopulation would have on the world most definitely. Since I have talked about a portion of the reasons for overpopulation, and the negative impacts I might want to propose a couple of potential outcomes, that I have found all through my exploration, to stop, or if nothing else balance out the developing populace size. Decreasing birth rates by using various methodologies is the most noticeable of these thoughts. Expanding the legitimate conjugal age would delay kid bearing (Mitchell). One notable technique is called family arranging. This technique works by making conception prevention pills effectively open, giving spots to end of pregnancies to happen, and helping individuals become progressively educated about premature births and contraception (Commoner). Laws could be passed making anti-conception medication mandintory, like the laws in China. As indicated by Chinese law families would be confronted with punishments in the event that they had more than one posterity (Stefoff 87). Different countries uphold significantly stricter laws. All sources concurred that controlling birth rate and passing rate would be the best method of balancing out populace. The circumstances and end results of overpopulation covers such a huge range of thoughts that it is unthinkable for one to cover each significant detail of this regularly developing natural concern. In this semi-broad examination I have just accepted the open door to give the fundamental realities that are essential in understanding that the quick development of our populace needs our prompt consideration. Taking everything into account, the world’s populace will keep on developing insofar as birth rate surpasses demise rate. Undoubtedly, it is clear that the time of modest vitality, satisfactory measures of food, and vital open spaces is reaching a conclusion. Whether or not we let it out or not, our endeavors to settle populace, or our inability to do as such, will have a staggering effect on our lives, and our home: Mother Earth. You can arrange a custom article, research paper, research paper, theory or exposition on Overpopulation themes at our expert custom paper composing administration which furnishes understudies with custom papers composed by profoundly qualified scholarly authors. High caliber and no written falsification ensure! Get proficient exposition composing help at a reasonable expense.

buy custom Embracing Technology in Education essay

purchase custom Embracing Technology in Education article In the little school building painted red that lies in the profundity of America, kids desiring to procure training sit in lines. These youngsters stand by enthusiastically for what the astute educator composing on the writing board brings to the table them for that specific day. An unmistakable sign that the educator is in fact insightful is shown by the gleaming apples that she offers the kids as a gratefulness for their regard and appreciation. American training in any case, shows an altogether different setting from the one referenced previously. The homerooms, beige in shading are loaded up with texters and passers who never concentrate and regularly make the instructor to battle to pass data to the understudies. In this sort of a set up, the splendid understudies are regularly exhausted while those delayed to comprehend are deserted. There is extraordinary uneasiness concerning state administered testing and results to low scores. As indicated by National overviews, the instruction quality in America has been questioned by most guardians and it has been demonstrated that their questions have a decent premise since the test outcomes affirm this straightforwardly. It is anyway on the opposite that most guardians compliment their childrens educators and in the process will in general help their own agents regardless of the way that most Americans are in objection to the congressional monkeyshines (Ward, 2010). In the event that people were asked how they encountered their school days, the vast majority of them would show blended emotions on the issue. One thing would stand apart is the relationship that existed among them and their educator. This hence draws out the motivation behind why guardians and all the more so government officials get stressed when a child will in general be more connected to a PC than an instructor. Since we have had the chances to attempt the various methods of training, it merits making an attempt of online instruction. Through the impact of Arne Duncan the Education Secretary, experienced government authorities have made a promise to roll out an improvement in the instruction segment. It is clear that the changes offered y a large portion of the government race set at the top with respect to reserves, carry minor changes to business as usual as opposed to offering consolation to inventive instruction. The advancement of post-auxiliary instruction has assumed control more than 10 years and has cost $500 million because of the endeavors of Duncan since it has flourished without government help. This accomplishment anyway has succeeded 15 years late than arranged and somewhat costly than it had been planned. There has been eminent difference in way of life since the commencement of the web mid 1990s. Amazon and eBay for example have acquired huge improvement shopping, Google has made data finding simple, and Facebook has helped keep our companions conclusion while iTunes has gotten a positive effect our utilization of music. It is fairly awful that even with the noteworthy change in innovation; kids stay stuck in simple schools (Ward, 2010). Maybe the presence of educators associations is the significant purpose behind maintaining the conventional homerooms where instructors administer the youngsters. In spite of the fact that innovation has improved a lot, youngsters are as yet learning on slates and books. It would be legitimate if they somehow happened to get familiar with a similar way they secure data on the web. The absolute initial step to start change is putting perusing materials just as talk notes on the web. This circumstance can suggest the former times motion pictures where movie producers shot stage plays and with this respect kids are as yet observing such sorts of movies while the 3-D variants are promptly accessible. It ends up being hard to comprehend why an English instructor would battle as the old Shakespeares day to tech a class while YouTube can offer such a great amount on theater expressions and film innovation, for example, Elizabeth Theater and Kennedy Center Arts Edge site. Bill Gates recorded that online instruction in the U.SA is among his main goal in his establishments yearly letters and with this respect blessed $33 billion. Bill Gates planned for starting changes in eduucation and called attention to that it is basic to actualize intelligent gatherings where understudies can be surveyed for what they know and what they don't have the foggiest idea. There is incredible need of creating components where instructors can have the option to serenely check the quantity of understudies who have gotten a handle on the ideas educated just as formulating methods of helping the individuals who have not. Online instruction has demonstrated its value due tot the way that virtual contract schools are as of now working in different states. A genuine model is the Florida Virtual School which offers online classes to its understudies especially those took a crack at state framework. Educators are evidently accessible for any interviews from the understudies from 8 a.m to 8p.m through telephone or email. It is just when it turns out to be certain that all the understudies have comprehended the idea that the state cuts a subsidizing check. This guarantees truly astounding execution for the children who take a crack at this foundation. In Clayton Christensen book, Upsetting Class, it is evaluated that constantly 2019 the vast majority of the secondary schools in the United States will devour instruction over the web. This will anyway take a great deal of endeavors if at all is to be accomplished since just seventeen percent of the understudies in secondary school took an online course a year ago for school while twelve percent took it for self investigation. A large portion of these understudies are pursuing virtual schools that are in accordance with the state framework in spite of the fact that lion's share of them can be considered to have gained the data by means of self-teaching framework. It is in this manner clear that online training is the best solution for reshaping the instruction framework. Grasping new innovation in the instruction part would guarantee the conveyance of value training and leave no single understudy without the total idea of what is educated. Online framework can likewise be set up to guarantee more and preferred management over some other learning framework. Starting change in our instruction framework along these lines demonstrates to the correct response for the improvement of the training framework. Purchase custom Embracing Technology in Education paper

Book Riots Deals of the Day for July 31st, 2017

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Persuasive Essay Racism - 1958 Words

America the Great or America the Racist? In middle school, I remember getting into an argument with a white girl over a brown color pencil. I planned on letting her have it, until she called me the N- word and told me, â€Å"Go back to Africa!† At that time, my class was half white, and they thought it was hilarious, hi-fiving each other and laughing. The other side looked at her shocked until she called them the N- word also, and all hell broke loose. We learned about racism in the past, but in 2013, but we never thought we would experience it. Racism is discrimination or discrimination against another race , from one that believes that their race is superior. One of the biggest debates in America is whether or not racism exist. Racism is†¦show more content†¦African Americans make up 12% of the U.S. population, but they make up 40% of the of all prison inmates and 42% of those sentenced to death (Costly, 1). Even though African Americans make up less than 15% of the population, we take up four-tenths of th e prison population for crimes whites commit and get probation for. Minorities are the majority that are institutionalized and are treated the worst. The graph above is from a study conducted by U.S. Sentencing Bureau in 2004. I am going to be using this graph and the paragraph above to show how the disparity changes in a course of about 6 years. In 2004, blacks made up 15% of the population and about 47% of the prison population. In 2010, they only made up 12% of the population and about 42% of the prison population. The population of blacks have went down and so has the incarceration rates because police are more likely to shoot blacks than to actually try arrest them. Some police officers claim to fear for their lives when arresting a black male because they do not know whether or not they will try to kill them so most officers just shoot. Racism is present in American and our justice system proves it everyday. The U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that black boys are five times and Latino boys are nearly three times as likely as white boys to go to jail (Quigley, 1). Blacks are more likely to be targeted than Latino’s, Latina s are more likely to be targetedShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Racism1138 Words   |  5 Pages It was during the first week of INT that I started to feel more in depth with the racism and its different terms. We talked in detail on intent, reverse racism, and white supremacy after watching few videos for each matter. It turned out that there are deeper meaning and context to these terms than the mere definition. A number of cases regarding intent have suggested that it’s solely up to someone’s motives if they are being racist or not. For instance, we talked in class about this one teacherRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1654 Words   |  7 Pageshas still not been accomplished. People get judged on their skin color and many other things all the time and it isn’t right. Not everybody of the same race, or religion, or sexual orientation are all the same. Racism is a horrible, horrible thing that many people in America experience. Racism and slavery go back many, many years ago. All the way back starting in the 17th century. Since then we have had the Trail of Tears during President Jackson’s presidency when he threw the Native Americans off theirRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1271 Words   |  6 Pagesthe options to chose our race. Yet we are still being ridiculed from what we are born with. Racism is one of many elements that in the United States of Americ a affects our society. However, there is a hidden problem that promotes racism. It is the fact that a lot of people try to make themselves believe that racism doesn t exist. But unfortunately, it still does. Everyone knows about the problem of racism but don t realize that they are supporting the problem by discriminating against other peopleRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism701 Words   |  3 PagesRacism Racism is an issue in America that has been growing, Martin Luther King was a famous black citizen for his bravery of black people as equals. We can respond to and eradicate racism only through a peaceful stand for the love for humanity. The call of Pope Francis to take â€Å" a clear stand for creative and active nonviolence and against all forms of violence† echoes the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King’s dream of a nation without racism. Inspired by Dr. King’s concept of a creative and constructiveRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism882 Words   |  4 Pagesword to me, eventually I have come to understand her intentions during that week. Little did I know that this would not be the last time I would endure a situation like this. ‘Subtle Racism’ in America is common in society. It can come from all sides, and can have as deep an effect as blatant racism. Subtle racism to me is shown from someone who may not consider themselves to be racist, and may see themselves as a supporter of all ethnicities, but expresses certain behaviors and phrases that canRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1018 Words   |  5 Pagesit s working at 7/11, always smelling like curry, or mocking us with our thick accents. Stereotypes have always been around, they have been used to make some funny jokes, but others have used it personally and criticize people with it. That is why racism is a big problem in this world with people using stereotypes to verbally attack people, thinking those things are true for every race and not getting to know people before judging them. My friends always turn to these jokes when they want to makeRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1317 Words   |  6 Pages Is America Racist? As a privileged white female in the United States, I don’t personally deal with any racism. But millions of Americans are impacted by racism on a daily basis. They are exposed to ignorant slurs and racial violence constantly. Some people say that not everyone is America is racist. That America as a whole is accepting and welcoming. If so, why did we elect a president whose immigration policies will limit entry of millions of non-white people into our country? How is itRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1926 Words   |  8 Pagesdifferent culture or has different skin color? Racism is the major issues today and it still exists in our schools, works, and society. Racism at the workplace is responsible for continuous mood changes, aggressive behavior, and have a bad feeling in the minds of the affected persons. This turn bad for the employer and the society. Everyone has right to do something so why do people become races. Today it was better than years ago but still, racism exists in the United States and other countriesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1752 Words   |  8 PagesRacism is contagious to this society. It has been a growing concern in the United States for many decades now, however, no major improvements are made by any political officials in reducing it. Many individuals of color are treated unfairly just because they are of pigment. Not too long ago, many individuals in the African American communities sparked out in outrage when individuals such as Michael Brown and much more were racially profiled by were brutally attacked by the law enforcers. Racism doesRead MorePersuasive Essay On Racism1839 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout America, racism is a very prominent topic that affects thousands of American’s. Although racism has been fought for many of years in America, Americans find themselves still talking about the social divide. The subject of racism is all over the news and has even made it’s way to America’s game, football. The kneeling during the national anthem has been a very big controversy that many American’s are furious about. However, for black Americans, it is an outcry that should be heard. Many

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing...

MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy StatementThe marketing communication process begins with identifying those who. MARS Splenda Campaign- Delite Integrated Marketing Communications Program Creative Strategy Statement The marketing communication process begins with identifying those who will make up the target audience. In this case, the target audience for the MARS Splenda Campaign includes three market segments: diabetics, health conscious younger females and mothers of children between the ages of 4 and 12. The objectives that are taken in this case are as follows: - Create awareness among 90 percent of the target audience. To do this we will use repetitive†¦show more content†¦By using coupons to give money off bags during holidays like Easter, Halloween and Christmas. Our party size candies are also great for birthday parties. - Develop and maintain regular purchase of Delite Candy bars among 5 percent of the target audience. Use continued-reinforcement advertising on radio and television, but use a smaller amount of coupons and free prizes. Increase communication efforts to middle aged parents who just want a healthier diet candy with great taste. The key benefits of this product, Delite, are its low calorie, contains no sugar, and is a healthy alternative to a traditional candy bar. One approach that will be taken to express the key benefits of this product is finding the inherent drama behind being a diabetic and the restrictions it places on ones life. In order to create brand identification and therefore support for this product, a logo will be created to use in all forms of advertising so that people can find uniformity in all of the ad’s. Also to support the fact that Delite is sugar free and great for diabetics a tag line will be used to bring attention to this information. The tone of these advertisements will be calm and sentimental. The major source of communication will be television ad’s and magazine ad’s. The types of magazines we are targeting to have these ad’s put in are health magazines, diabetic-geared magazines, and parenting magazines. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) Mix For the

Why Free trade is more important than fair trade Free Essays

Introduction In a globalized world, very few people would question the benefits of international free trade. Different countries can produce their own products having a comparative advantage, and then exchange with the products produced by other countries. However, in the process of international trade, there will always produce gainers and losers, and thus will always be people complaining about unfair trade. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Free trade is more important than fair trade or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the global context of the economic crisis, there is a call for further promoting trade liberalization; on other hand some people advocate promotion of fair trade. So, is the pursuit of fair trade more importantOr, is the promotion of the free trade more importantThis essay will critically discuss the statement â€Å"Free trade is more important than fair trade.† 1.0 Definition 1.1 Free Trade Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) This form of international trade policy has been widely spread over the free trade zones nowadays. Since opening the over sea market for the country’s domestic absolute advantages products, it benefits both the trade partners from the long-term economic vision. 1.2 Fair Trade Eisenberg states that â€Å"Fair trade refers to exchanges, the terms of which meet the demands of justice.† (2005) In fact, fair trade has not been defined universally ever. FINE is a charity association, which consists of four divisions. The divisions are international fair trade networks, European Fair Trade Association, World Fair Trade Organization, Fair-trade Labeling Organizations International and Network of European World shops. FINE indicates that fair trade partnership is based on dialogue, transparency and respect; member in this network looks for greater equity in international trade. (European Fair Trade Association, 2009) It contributes to help workers or producers in developing countries, especially in the southern hemisphere, provide a more equitable trading condition and promote sustainability. Fair trade organizations are supported by consumers for supporting producers in undeveloped countries, and making the rules of international trade campaign more equitable. Fair Trade system has many types of goods growing more, which are coffee, cocoa, dried fruit, fruit juice, nuts, vegetable oil, quinine, rice, spices, sugar, tea and Red wine, etc. In order to selling fair trade goods, companies need to apply for licenses to use the fair trade mark. 2.0 The Importance of Free Trade The free trade is a double sword. One side edge carries advantage; another edge carries disadvantage. Therefore, there will be always gainers and losers. 2.1 Gainers The free trade has many benefits, which produce many different gainers in the global market. It prevents interference efficiently of local government on import and export trade; cancel various privileges of the domestic trade. So the importers can gain many benefits from the free trade. Let’s take a look at other gainers. 2.2 Absolute advantage According to Adam Smith’s theory, countries can specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage that including highly skilled labour, sufficient raw materials and then trade these for goods they produced less-efficiently from other countries. (Hill, 2009) This is a win-win situation, two countries exchanging goods from each other are both gainers. 2.3 Effective use of raw materials Free trade also brings great opportunities for effectively using raw materials. Some countries in the Middle East have rich resources of oil, but there will not be much benefit without trade. For instance, Qatar can gain much benefit from exchanging many goods and technologies with oil. On other hand, some developed countries, such as Japan have very few raw materials. They can gain much oil they need with exchanging technologies; otherwise they would be very poor. 2.4 Lesser living cost and more products choice The citizens are also big gainers from free trade. Free trade system can effectively stop selling products at high prices from local protectionism, which lead lower living cost. Free trade also leads to more products being available in the market. Consumers have more choices on the products in market for different prices and types. Charles W.L. Hill mentioned in the book International business that if a national market is small, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize economics of scale for certain products. Accordingly, those products may not be produced, thereby limiting the variety of products available to consumers. (2009) 3.2 Losers Free trade brings great opportunities, also brings great competitions, especially for the developing countries. In the initial stage, many new industries in developing countries are not strong enough to survive from the competition of established industries in developed countries. The local government will introduce some measures in order to protecting local industry. Alexander Hamilton proposed it in 1972. According to the argument, there is a potential comparative advantage in manufacturing in many developing countries.for instance, China owns cheaper labour and raw material costs, and India has big population of highly skilled and knowledgeable employees who can communicate with frequent English. However, at the initial stage, most of their small to medium sized firms in industries are too weak to survive frombrutal competitions of established industries much earlier in international market. The reason is that they do not have strong background for financial subsidies and source w hich assist them get toehold in the start point. Moreover, it is common phenomenon that firms in those developing countries hardly reach the international standard for high-end products. The argument is if the new industries should necessarily be protected temporarily by incentives until they have become strong enough to competition in free international trade market.(Hill, 2009)For example, if China lets the automobile industries from Germany, Japan and other countries enter the domestic market without trade protection, and then China’s own auto industries would collapse. So China adopts the import tariffs on imported cars in order to protecting its automobile industry. When the local new industries become strong enough to global market competitiveness, the government should abolish the protective measures established before, otherwise the measures of protection would adversely affect global trade. In fact, canceling the original protection is not an easy; the negative impac t of such measures is to produce local monopoly. 3.0 The Importance of Fair Trade Fair trade is a strategy for sustainable development of economic and poverty reduction in the world. Its goal is to create opportunities for producers from economically disadvantaged countries. It does not only provide fair payments to the producers, but also consider the equal pay according to the principle of equality between the sexes. If the partners of fair traders need payment in advanced in order to surviving in the special situation, fair traders have to ensure matching their demands. Fair traders also need to take responsibilities for avoiding potential health and safety problems for producers. If children are involved in the working environment, fair trader will ensure matching safety and education requirements for them. In the 1960, the largest distribution of the fair trade is to help the countries banned from main global trade market by political issues, to find markets for their products. (Fair Trade Labeling Organizations International, 2009) Nicolas Eberhart in 2005 had the Bolivian case study concerning fair trade coffee as a member of the French non-governmental organizations Agronomes ET Veterinaires sans frontieres. It proved that the fair trade did not only have a positive impact on the local price of coffee in Yungas, but also have the economic benefit to all coffee producers. Meanwhile, fair trade organization could enhance their production and their political influence. (Ebrehart, 2005) The econometric analysis led by Becchetti and Costantion verificated effects of fair trade on farmers of Kenya. The researchers observed a group of farmers with fair trade certification, and another group of farmers without fair trade certification for Comparison. After a period of time, Becchetti and Costantion found that fair trade could improve the living quality of famers, reduce child mortality, improve household food intake, and increase the price of their crops and so on, in either monetary or non-monetary value. Unfortunately, in the methodology, this research had errors for the sample of crops, the relative contribution of fair trade and the choice of the control group. (Becchetti, Costantino, 2006) 4.0 Free Trade vs. Fair Trade Jeffrey Eisenberg states that free trade refers to an international trading policy that aims at openness. (2005) Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) The Oxfam charity and some economists believe that the foreign suppliers in trade should be paid a fair price, such as the cocoa beans for making chocolate should be bought by higher than market price. This may be the most influential demand for fair trade today. (BHAGWATI, 2010) However, â€Å"fair price (wage)† has been questioned by Jeffrey Eisenberg. Would the price be fair if it was higherThe price can get higher for few workers capturing the jobs; or the price can get lower in order to providing more job opportunities for more workers get paid. Which way is fairer(Eisenberg, 2005) Ngaire Woods recommends using the protectionism as a part of the preferential system properly in order to helping backward industries in undeveloped countries. In personal opinion, there is possibility that the preferential system or protectionism can make negative impacts on the trade, if they cannot be implemented well. Fair trade is the expression of justice with human emotion. Free trade regard voluntariness as the chief component of justice. (Eisenberg, 2005) Although fair trade is positive activity on many respects, solely advocating fair trade and ignoring the benefit of free trade is really not necessary. Most believe that both free trade and fair trade at least have one thing in common. Worldwide they are concerning justice, poverty alleviation and prosperity. Free trade and fair trade should stopping opposing each other. Fair trade can be an efficient measure of supervision in order to improving free trade system. Because of there are still many gaps and loopholes in free trade system. For instance, the international rules are generated by trade negotiations, primarily for the rich countries, while the market is closed for the main export products in poorer countries, such as agriculture. (Woods, 2005) So, is the pursuit of fair trade more importantOr, is the promotion of the free trade more importantAnswer is free trade is more important than fair trade for global economic development. Conclusion Free trade is a form of international policy, which local government cannot try to interfere on the operation of foreign import goods, or export goods. (Hill, 2009) The free trade has many benefits, such as producing lesser living cost and more products choice; bringing opportunity for exchanging with absolute advantage and effective use of raw materials. Fair trade is a strategy for sustainable development of economic and poverty reduction in the world. Its goal is to create opportunities for producers from economically disadvantaged countries. For global economic development, free trade is more important. However, fair trade and free trade have one thing in common, which concern with global justice, poverty alleviation and global prosperity. Moreover, fair trade can be an efficient measure of supervision in order to improving free trade system. References Charles W.L. Hill, (2009), International Business, 7th Edition, Chapter 5, 6, McGraw-Hill Irwin Charles W.L. Hill, (2009), International Business Competing in the Global Marketplace, 6th Edition, Chapter 5, 6, McGraw-Hill Irwin Eberhart, N. (2005). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade L. Becchetti, M. Costantino (2006). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_trade European Fair Trade Association. (2009). Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International (2009). Global Fairtrade sales increase yearly by 22%. http://www.economist.com/debate/days/view/508 http://www.globalenvision.org/library/15/834 How to cite Why Free trade is more important than fair trade, Essay examples

One with the Land of the Calm free essay sample

It was with a jolt that we came back to reality of time, location, and purpose. My family and I traveled from Minneapolis anxiously awaiting our arrival in Seoul, Korea, a city halfway around the world. This was not a typical family vacation. We weren’t here to sing along to K-Pop or go to an amusement park, but to find answers to questions that all link back to a singular word: adoption. After we contemplated the why of our anxieties, we were ready to face the who. Would my brother and I feel one with the sea of black hair or feel inferior as we knew very few Korean customs, and even less of the Korean language. We also wondered how our parents would cope as outsiders, intruders even, to this world where there seemed to be a unity of color. Questions, questions, and the plaguing question regarding my sense of self. We will write a custom essay sample on One with the Land of the Calm or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After a few days in Seoul, we made two visits that struck me as extremely different than anything in the United States. The first was a visit to an orphanage for disabled children, a dump for the unwanted who would inevitably stay in the orphanage for the rest of their lives. My family and I met with a mentally handicapped boy who continually drooled. Only one thing set him apart—his disability. In the United States such a disability would not be seen as utterly debilitating or a scar on one’s family as it is in Korea. I could have easily been one of those little children with no future, a very limited education, and nothing to look forward to. The second was a visit to a home for expecting mothers whose families did not know of their plight. In Korea women are looked down open, almost to the point of utter disgust, if they are pregnant and not married. These two visits made me feel utterly gracious for my birthmother who dropped me off at an adoption agency, and not some hapless orphanage. These feelings of gratitude conflicted with feelings of betrayal because of her refusal to meet me. I wonder what she looks like. I wonder if she had other children. Do I have other brothers and sisters? I want answers. Answers that fill the void that she created 17 years ago. Upset as I was with her for that, I also understood why she could not meet me. Visiting Korea makes it possible for me to connect with other people’s lives. I relate with others on a more personal level because I can understand their difficulties and empathize with their struggles. Because of this I have become a grateful, forgiving woman who devotes her time to serving others at Camp Sonshine and Encounter the Gospel of Life. I offer a sense of belonging since I have had to find my niche both in Korea and in the United States.

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Computational Genomics

10 Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Computational Genomics A man has always been plagued with questions about inherited traits, diseases and biological phenomena before the study of sciences was introduced in ancient Egypt. In more recent times, questions such as how the Zika virus developed, the origins of Ebola and tracing the human species to the earliest roots have dominated among the scientific discussions. And now, answering these questions and finding scientific direction in the midst of chaos has been made easy by the leaps and bounds made in the field of computational genomics. Which leads us to the question; what is computational genomics? Before writing an essay on the topic of computational genomics, it is essential to understand its definition and scientific application. Therefore, this article will focus on covering computational genomics using facts, which can also be applied in your essay writing task. Computational genomics, otherwise known as computational genetics, stands for the usage of computational and statistical analysis for dissevering biology from genome sequences and other related data. This data in combination with statistical approaches allows scientists understand the function of genes and how species’s   DNA controls its entire population. 10 Important Facts on Computational Genomics There are just two basic types of cells. Basic biology provides the foundation for the study of genetics and in terms of cell biology, the two types of basic cell types are: the eukaryotic cell, which has no nuclei and the prokaryotic cell, which consists of nuclei. Although both cell types are fundamentally similar in terms of molecular machinery, eukaryotic cells are complex multicellular organisms like fungi, while prokaryotic cells are unicellular organisms such as bacteria. Cells are storage devices for genetic information. The genetic material used by cells is formed by molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). These molecules have sequential structure, which makes them function just like the average computer storage device. The mechanism for reading this information is one of the core components of all living things and is highly similar in all types of cells. This mechanism is formed by a complex of enzymes, specified by the particular instructions it must read. Gregor Mendel is credited with starting the computation genomics quest to understand plant and animal biology. The first major step in the field of genomics was taken by Gregor Mendel in 1859, when he discovered how genetic information is stored. The second major step was made in New York, when Oswald Avery and a group of biologists discovered that nucleic acid contains these sequences of information. A Genome is formed in chromosomes by DNA. A genome is the set of all DNA contained in a cell and this genome is formed by one or multiple stretches of DNA coupled together in a chromosome. Chromosomes can be linear or circular but one thing remains constant when a cell divides, chromosomes are replicated in exactly the same structure as found in their parent cell. The first DNA sequence was accomplished in 1977. The first DNA sequencing task was set in 1977 but the first complete DNA sequence for an organism was encoded in 1995 and it was the DNA of the Haemophilus Influenza bacterium. The first animal to have its genome completely sequenced was a fruit fly. It was done by Celera Genomics in 2000. The first crop plant to have its DNA sequenced is rice; it happened in 2004. In 2002, the mouse became the first mammal to have its genome sequenced completely by scientists. James Watson is the first human to have his genome sequenced. The 21st century saw an increased interest to the computational genomics and the race to sequence the human DNA intensified in 2000. The first successful step was completing the haplotype map of the human genome in 2005. The second milestone was the completed haploid genomic sequencing of James Watson’s genome in 2007. The first diploid human genome to be sequenced was that of Craig Venter in 2007. The first synthetic genome was recreated in 2008. The Craig Venter group that successfully sequenced the first human diploid genome also succeeded in the complete chemical synthesizing, assembly and cloning of the Mycoplasma Genitalium bacteria’s genome. This was a key step towards creating a complete organism. Consequently, Craig Venter was named among the Time-100 most influential persons on earth. Cancer genomes were analyzed in 2009. In 2009, the field of computational genomics recorded a milestone in understanding and managing debilitating diseases with the complete analysis of the cancer genome. This comprehensive analysis successfully analyzed the genomes of lung cancer and malignant melanoma. This success led to the launch of the UK10K program which intends to computationally compare the genomes of 4,000 healthy individuals against 6,000 sick individuals. A genome browser is a place where you can search for completely analyzed sequences exits. With the hope of building an organized platform for the computational genomics community, the UCSC genome browser was built. It allows reputable sources submit established genomic sequence results and provides the public with access to check these analyses. The browser has the URL www.genome.ucsc.edu. This platform was built by the University of California, Santa Cruz Mathematics plays a key role in the field of computational genomics. Pursuing a profession in computational genomics is an admirable venture, which requires the student to have a high level of mathematical and statistical knowledge to succeed. Scientist in this field constantly makes use of data analytics software applications such as Matlab to compute information. This means some love to technical applications and data analytics is recommended. Here we come to the end of some important facts we believe will serve you in good stead if writing a compare and contrast essay on computational genomics is given to you as an assignment. These facts are just a tip of the iceberg as other complimentary articles covering topics such as tips for a compare and contrast essay guide on computational genomics coupled with 20 compare and contrast essay topics on computational genomics will make writing excellently on this subject an easy task. References: Sequencing cancer genomes to tailor treatments to individual patients. (2014). The Pharmaceutical Journal. Saey, T. (2010). Genes Cells: RNA Harnessed to Control Cells: Genetic Devices could thwart Cancer and Signal Infections. Science News, 178(13), pp.13-13. Venter, J. (2016). Craig Venter: Critical Tools and Technologies in Synthetic Genomics. Genetic Engineering Biotechnology News, 36(7), pp.19-20. Huttley, G. (2006). Computational Genetics and Genomics: Tools for Understanding Disease. Immunology and Cell Biology, 84(1), pp.114-114. Chaudhuri, K. and Chatterjee, R. (2007). MicroRNA Detection and Target Prediction: Integration of Computational and Experimental Approaches. DNA and Cell Biology, 26(5), pp.321-337. Coller, H. (2013). Introducing the Systems Biology of Cell State Regulation section of Physiological Genomics. Physiological Genomics, 45(11), pp.407-408. Kamlesh Jangid, O. (2015). Preservation of Uncultivated Microbial Cells for Single Cell Genomics and Cultivation in Future. Single Cell Biology, s1.

Percussion instruments essays

Percussion instruments essays The xylophone is played with a padded mallet (which looks like a hammer). In 1898, Barnum and Bailey's circus pigs were trained to play this instrument, among other feats. But don't be fooled by this humorous depiction. Playing the xylophone well requires great precision to hit just the right bar at the right time, which produces a musical tone. The xylophone is a percussion instrument (one that is played either by striking, shaking or scraping it) that likely originated in Southeast Asia or Oceania. It's one of the central instruments of the music of Africa, possibly being brought to that continent through trade or people migrating from other places. Slaves from Africa brought the xylophone with them when they were taken to Latin America, and from there it eventually made its way to the United States. Today's xylophone has bars arranged in two rows, sort of like the keys of a piano, and rests on a stand. Listen to some xylophone music from 1921. The marimba is another percussion instrument that is played with a rubber mallet. Marimba is the African name for xylophone. It resembles that instrument in shape, but it's bigger and has a wider range of notes. Many popular songs in the early 1900s were given a marimba "twist," such as this recording of the "Stars and Stripes Forever March." The fact that marimba songs were well liked by Americans shows the increased exposure the public had to foreign styles of music. The hammered dulcimer, in its simplest form, is an instrument with 13 strings, played by beating the strings with a small hammer. The name "dulcimer" comes from Latin and means "sweet sound." The hammered dulcimer developed from the cimbalom, an instrument from Hungary with 48 strings that is played with small hammers. The piano of today has evolved from both the cimbalom and the hammered dulcimer. Have you ever seen the inside of a piano? When someone presses a piano key, a lever raises a hammer that then strikes the str...

Parameters of Persuasive Writing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Parameters of Persuasive Writing - Case Study Example The defendant, Mr. Ronald Riff, is innocent. The unfortunate incidents leading to his arrest must be verified. We will present our witnesses and evidences to prove that Mr. Riff has been wrongly accused of burglary. He never stole the money from Marquette's Market and we will prove that he obtained the money from the lawful winnings at Red's Pleasure Palace, a gambling joint. He did not have any reason to break into Marquette's Market. We have proved that Mr. Ronald Riff left Red's Pleasure Palace, a gambling establishment, on Devotion Avenue in Midtown, just after 12.00 A.M. Between 12.05 A.M. and 12.10 A.M. he stopped at Rusty Fender Body Shop from where he stole a hammer. He used this hammer to gain entry to Marquette's Market by smashing the lock on the alley entrance of the store. There is no other extraneous reason for the store to be broken into. Having obtained $910 from the store's cash register, he made his exit from the rear, discarded the stolen hammer in the side alley between Marquette's Market and Art Own's Hardware. He then ran home and was seen by Soapy Waters who also saw the accused drop $2 of the stolen money and Betty Biddy who saw him throw away the money bag. The stolen amount included a Canadian $5 bill. The motive for the crime has been the guitar. Mr. C. Sharp, owner of the music store from where Mr. Riff purchased the guitar, had warned the latter that he would cancel the purchase and return the deposit amount of $100 if Mr. Riff did not pay up the balance amount of $875 within a week's time. The morning after the burglary was committed happened to be the last day of this week. This does not seem to be coincidence. This is the result of a pre-meditated crime. Only the accused did not consider the events before and after crime. We have looked into these events and made our case sound and foolproof (Curran, Pat & Strauch, Gary). This happens to be an open-and-shut case. We have shown that the amount of monies won by Mr. Ronald Riff at Red's Pleasure Palace was too frugal to meet the balance cost of the guitar. We have also calculated the sequence of events from the time he left Marquette's Market to the time he

With appropriate reference to theoretical and empirical literature, Essay

With appropriate reference to theoretical and empirical literature, critically assess the arguments of why a multinational may undertake corporate hedging - Essay Example Hence, it is the policies based on increased exposure of firm to price instability, resulting from future price knowledge. Corporate Hedging is done by multinational companies a lot, and the trend is being picked up speedily Motivation factors of multinational firms for corporate hedging seem are facilitation of internal contracting, competitive pricing concerns, and informational asymmetries. Moreover corporate hedging depends upon accounting treatment, derivative market liquidity, recent hedging outcomes, foreign exchange volatility, technical factors, and exposure volatility. What we need to understand is the reason for the multinational firms to take up corporate hedging. There are opportunities like increased leverage and tax benefits that are the motivating factors behind corporate hedging. The multinational companies opt for the hedging process simply because of the risk factor. More correctly it does not take away the risk rather the unacceptable risks are converted into acceptable risks. Many companies remain confused towards making the decision whether they should hedge or not hedge. The factors that hinder their decision making is the doubt about the risks, the cost of the hedging process itself, fear of reporting loss on derivative transactions. Also adding to all this confusion is the lack of strategies and also the un- familiarization with hedging tools. Then is the role of the corporate risk managers. They must determine the risks the company is willing to take and also the ones that the company wants to get away with through hedging. The fundamental principle behind corporate hedging is its hindrance against losses that multinational companies may face in difficult situations. Like for example the losses that incurred many IT companies by the year 1997 when there was depreciation of dollar. More commonly we can explain hedging functions in a similar manner as the hedges that protect the garden from stray dogs. The goal behind any hedging

Belbins Team Roles theory in classroom activity

Belbins Team Roles theory in classroom activity The main axiom of this assignment is to study the group theories and leadership theories and explore different styles of leadership and group behaviour in different situations. I am supposed to identify my own behaviour with that of the leadership behaviour so that this study will give me an proposal in the direction of the encouragement of real life experience and the absorption of leadership theories it tells that working in group will fetches us to have a have a significant memorandum of our character and behaviour on a team and individual point of view as a follower ,as a leader or as a management executive .This task will also tells the appropriate issues of the following group and leadership theories and its characteristics in diverse aspects. 1. Introduction:- Instead of going openly into the topic i.e., reflecting my own behaviour in the group Situations and quoting examples of my experiences in team working in an organization or classroom activities ,what I felt is to tell something about organization ,organizational behaviour, Group and Group characteristics. Why I felt like this means in order to know about leadership, management, group processes, team working first I should know about organization after that I should know about organizational behaviour .After this only I will get a familiar opening to see the aspects like group, group characteristics, leadership and management because in my Opinion, Organization is a nucleus which generates all the above issues. An Organization is a coordinated unit consisting of at least two people who function to achieve a common goal or set of goals. (GIBSON,1994).In my estimation, by looking into the organization at the people we can find out many new things like working styles, behaviours, management approach towards the their workers. Now I would like to talk on the importance of organizational behaviour. 2. Importance of Organizational Behaviour:- Edward E.Lawler says that Organizational Behaviour is a field of study that draws on theory, methods and principles from various disciplines to learn about individual perceptions, values, learning capacities while working in a group. In my view, Human performance influences efficiency of an organization. Psychology tells that each individual is poles apart. Each people have different cultural origins, matchless awareness, qualities, life experiences, mind-set, and life styles and objectives. Management should assume about that each and every employee as unique embodiment of all these behavioural and cultural factors to be effective. In an organization, each and every individual has to play a specific role. Some plays the role of a leader and some acts the role of a follower while some plays the role as a manager and this all depends upon their individual behaviour in an organization. Some individuals join together and form as a group and this group also have a powerful impact on individual behaviour and organizational performance. So, now I wish to talk about group, group characteristics, and individual behaviour in a group. After conducting a proper investigation on the group processes and group behaviour, what I understood is that there is no specific universally accepted meaning for the word group. Different authors had different views on the definition of group. A group is defined in psychological terms as any number of people who interact with each other, psychologically aware of each other, perceive themselves to be a group and purposefully interact towards the achievement particular goals or aims (SCHEIN, 1980, p.317). After this, I planned to tell about how a group forms in an organization and the types of groups .In an organization groups are created as a consequence of model of organization structure and schedule for the partition of work. We cannot say that groups are formed only on the above basis .In my opinion, groups can also be formed in order to fulfil their need, to achieve certain goals, and to represent individual closeness. After the group has formed it will develop and this group development will occur in five stages, according to Tuckman Integrative Model and they are namely Forming, Storming, Forming, Performing and Adjourning. Forming:- This is the initial stage in the group development. In this stage, individuals, who formed as a group were interested in knowing others mannerism and conditions. All individuals will try to have own feeling on others. All members rely on some head to present them arrangement in forming of ground rules. Storming:- This is a inconsistency stage in group development. Individuals may refuse to agree to the have power over of other group members and may show unfriendliness. The important individual relations topic in this stage is the management of unfriendliness. Norming:- This is the consistency stage in the group development. In this stage, the individuals of the group tend to widen behaviour of functioning to develop nearer relationships with others in the group. Issues like how to do and what to do and who will do are arise and group working rules are developed. Performing:- In this stage the group is full efficiently structured and individuals in the group are anxious with getting on with the job and achieving objectives. In this stage, the group is fully established group. Adjourning:- This is the final stage in the group. After this the group may discontinue or continue and discontinuity may be because the task given to them was achieved or individuals leaving the group may also be the reason for discontinuity of the group. After this, now I would like to discuss about types of groups in an organization. There are two types of groups namely formal groups and informal groups. Formal groups are created by managerial decision to accomplish stated goals of organization and informal groups arise from individual efforts and develop around common interests and friendships rather than deliberate design. (MARVIN E. SHAW, 1981). Again formal groups are sub-divided into two types namely command group and task group and Informal groups are again sub-divided into two types namely Interest groups and Friendship groups. 3. My Class-Room Activity:- In this circumstance I would like to quote an example of my experience in working in a group in a classroom activity that was conducted in my university. On that day, my tutor had made all of us to form as a group. Each student was given a alphabet to him and the alphabets are from A to G so that all students with alphabet A together formed as group A and those with alphabet B clubbed together to form as group B and those students who are possessing alphabet C are joined to form as group C and those students who are having alphabet D are gathered to form as group D and those with alphabet E are joined together and formed as group E and those with alphabet F are clubbed together to form as group F and those who are having alphabet G are gathered to form as group G. So, on that day the class was formed into seven groups and the groups are named as group A, group B, group C, group D, group E, group F and group G.I was placed in group C on that day. All the groups received instructions f rom our tutor to do certain tasks as a team. We were given a package and in that package we had resources to do our task. There was a time limit for us to complete the task .Now I will tell u how we did that task on that day. Actually each student is new to each other student in the group. Before my tutor told us to start the task, we had ten to fifteen minutes to discuss about the task .So, initially what we did is, in order to get a friendly environment in working as a group, each student was asked to introduce themselves to the group quickly .Later we studied the instructions and got a clear cut idea what to do. We openly discussed how to do and came to an idea to assign roles to each student in the group. So, every issue was discussed openly in the group. One student who is elder than all of us in our group innovatively told that he is interested in leading a team and undisputedly, he became the leader of the group. One student then told that he was interested in marketing and he will take the role of doing marketing i.e., to bargain resources from other teams if we are in scarce of any resources. Then one student had taken the role of tester and the other student had taken the role of task assigner a nd another student had taken the role of monitor and I am assigned a role as Evaluator. We are six students in a team. Our tutor was assigned a task to cut papers into certain measurements and different shapes and a layered shape .Our tutor provided all groups with some resources so that we should not use our own resources and utilize the provided resources only. We worked as a group and worked dedicatedly to achieve the task. As a result we managed to be the First group to finish the given task in a given time. Now I would like to relate this experience with that of Belbins Team- Roles theory. 4. Analysis of Belbins Team- Roles Theory on My Experience in Classroom activity:- Actually I didnt know what Belbins Team-Roles Theory is about while we worked as a group to do that task assigned by my tutor. After reading several theories on group processes and behaviour, I had an opportunity to relate my class room activity with that of Belbins Team-Roles Theory. Belbins Team-Roles Theory was developed by Meredith Belbin and his colleagues in the late 1970s. It was widely accepted theory for understanding the roles with in a group or a team. This theory states that in an organization, individuals are appointed normally on the source of their capability or experience. This theory tells that we see organizations rarely selecting individuals to perform additional task in a group. David Buchanan (1991) cites the work of Meredith Belbin (1981) as Personal characteristics of an individual fit them for some roles within a team while limiting the likelihood that they will be successful in other roles. The members in a team tend to acquire one or more roles comparatively and without fail. Individuality evaluation, team role survey identifies an individual preference. The evaluation, assortment, appointment and supervision of individual employees by organization are key tools for improving team effectiveness. Meredith Belbin had listed nine roles in his self-perception theory as Plant, Resource Investigator, Co-ordinator, Shaper, Monitor-evaluator, Team worker, Implementer, Completer, Specialist. This is not mean that each team had to consist of nine people .A single member can double-up and play several roles, thereby enabling the overall size of the team. (DAVID BUCHANAN, 1991) In my point of view, I compared my class room activity ,with that of Belbin Team Role Theory because we, In order to achieve the task on time, we assigned ourselves some specific roles so that leader in our team will do his role in observing and guiding us and tester can test the output whether it is appropriate or not and marketing executive will provide us resources by bargaining from other groups when we are in scarcity and monitor and task assigner will do the task of monitoring and assigning the tasks effectively so that every student in the group contributes his own preference role working and contributes for the achievement of the task on time .So my team did exactly the same and managed to be the first team to finish the task on time. While working in that group what I experienced is , since our group is an informal and task oriented group which have to complete the task on time, I felt some seriousness in doing my role correctly because it will be awkward if the team fail to achieve the task due to my negligence. So, I managed to work in that group by paying attention. What I experienced with other fellow members of the group is everyone managed to do their work by showing some interest and happiness towards it because the roles assigned was by ourselves on our interest only. So, we got fruitful success by finishing on time. 5. My Work Experience in 4c Solutions:- After finishing my graduate course in the department of Information Technology, I am recruited by 4c solutions. I joined that company in the year 2009. I got training for 3 weeks and I had placed in a team of 7 members, among which I am the fresher with no experience and the remaining all are with more than 3 years of experience as technical Analysts .The first project we got after I joined that group was pervasive computing project and I am totally new to that concept. My project leader first he had taken tutorial for us and then he assigned our individual tasks .My project leader was 45 years old, with 20 years of experience and sound knowledge of the subject. His way of teaching was very difficult for me and two others members of my team to grasp the concept. At that moment, my age was only 23 years old and entirely new to the work environment. I cannot understand how to connect two computers by pervasive computing technology .For my project leader, this kind of issues are easy be cause he had a vast knowledge of subject and always he feels difficulty with me and the other three members in my group because we are unable to catch his fastness and we many times had late submission of our assigned tasks. Project Leader expects us to think us very uniquely like him and tells us to write some thousands of lines of code on our own. Since my project leader was very experienced, he is handling another couple of teams who are working on cloud computing and cluster computing so, he controls totally 3 teams and he maintained very less supervision with our team because he was the only one who monitors all the three teams which works on computing concepts. Moreover I had some inferiority complex to ask any questions regarding my task because he says that why I am asking such a small doubts. But I dont understand why he cannot feel that doubt is very small to him not for me. Although we achieved how to connect two computers by using pervasive computing concepts, my group f ailed to submit the task of connecting more than 2 computers in a room by using pervasive concepts .So, as a result the client was upset and after our prior request, he had extended another week to submit the project and then we submitted our project to the client .So we failed as a tem to submit the project on time. Now I would like to relate this experience in relation to that of Trait theory. 6. Analysis based on Trait Theory on my experience in 4c solutions:- Trait theory attempts to identify specific characteristics like physical, mental, personality associated with leadership success. It relies on research that relates various traits to certain success criteria. (GIBSON, IVANCEVICH, DONNELLY, 1994). Intelligence:- Gibson (1994) cites the work of Ralph Stogdill as Leaders were more intelligent than followers. One momentous judgment was that intense intelligence variation among leaders and followers might be unfunctional. A leader with an fairly high Intelligence trying to manipulate a group whose members have usual intelligence may be incapable to understand that why followers are not realizing the problem. Personality:- Some traits like attentiveness, innovation, confidence are connected with successful leadership. Gibson (1994) cited the work of Edwin Ghiselli as person who exhibit individuality were the most effective leaders. Physical Characteristics:- There are some organizations that deem that a physically big person is needed as a leader to safe compliance from his members of a team. But studies of the relationship between physical characteristics and leadership gave contradictory result. There are examples of leaders like Napoleon, Stalin, and Gandhi with small posture but also proved effective leadership. Supervisory Ability:- There is a optimistic association between supervisory ability and level in organizational ladder. Ghiselli stated that Effective utilization of whatever supervisory practices are indicated by the particular requirements of the situation. In my point of view, I related my work experience in 4c solutions, with that of trait theory because actually my group had failed to submit the project to the client on time and that situation made us to request our client to prolong the submission for another week .why I choosed to relate this experience with that of Trait theory means I can tell that our group had failed to submit the project to the client on time duet o ineffectiveness of the project leader .Ineffectiveness means not that he had no concept my project leader had vast knowledge and is very intelligent and it made me and some of our group members to follow him and moreover he didnt maintained a strict supervision our team because he handled three teams which are working on computing concepts. So I found my experience, similar to that of the rait theory and thus related my experience with that of traits of leadership. So, after working in that group seeing that failure what i experienced is Leader of the group should be effective and should be friendly with the group to answer doubts of group members and he should govern the group on regular basis. In my point of view, my project leader, instead of doing like that if had done like that of Action Centred Leadership then we had finished the task on time. 7. Action- Centred Leadership model:- Action Centred Leadership is a highly successful method of leadership , developed by John Adair in the year 1984.This theory tells that effective leadership must contain three sets of interconnected needs, which give rise to three functions and they are as follows:- Task-related function:- Leader should meet the needs of the group and by helping its group members, the leader should relay on task completion so that the group overcomes barriers of task completion. Team -related function:- The leader should meet up the needs of the group to hold together as a unified unit. Individual Oriented functions:- The leader should ensure whether individual needs are met or not. Leader should not only focus on the task highly but he should consider individual needs like if a group member needs assistance in one concept, the leader should be in a position to clarify his doubts. DDEREK ROLLINSON.2008 Organizational Behaviour and Analysis,4th edition. London: Prentice hall gives us the diagrammatical representation of Action -Centred Leadership is represented as follows:- So, in my group, If my Project leader if had done the above three tasks i.e.,task-related function, team-related function and individual oriented function, then we may achieved the task on time. My project leader ignored individually oriented function because he ignored fresher group members who are new to the work environment .If he had solved my doubts patiently instead of saying me that why I am asking some small doubts and governed the team by encouraging us to finish the task on time, we may achieved result on time .So, I related this Action centred leadership if had followed, my group and my project leader may achieved success. After this I would like to tell about the qualities of an effective leader. 8. Who is a Efficient Leader:- In general, a leader is a person who is in a higher position than others in a group .The main important management skill to be developed in each and every individual is Leadership quality. BELLA BANATHY, 2010.A manager who is leading a team should have qualities like giving information to his subordinates on their doubts, understanding their group needs, controlling the group, representing the group, planning and also motivating the group. 9. Distinction between Leaders and managers:- The word Leader and manager although has same meaning I dont know why some authors makes difference of the roles that were performed by leaders and managers respectively. The difference between leaders and managers was stated by Abraham Zaleznik, a professor at Harvard business school as those leaders put up with confusion and lack of arrangement and is thus equipped to keep answers in suspense. Managers look for order and control and are in a position to solve the problems even before they recognize their consequence.(Gibson,1994). 10. Conclusion:- This assignment helped me to know about many group behaviour theories, leadership theories and Process theories and made me to realize the faults that I had done in past. So, I got a framework of the theories in my mind now and I came to know how to behave while working in a group .After studying leadership concepts, we taught that the most important skill that each and every individual should possess is Leadership quality and I got an idea of qualities to possess to become a effective leader .Finally I conclude that a leaderless group or an organization is like pie-in-the sky propaganda. References:- 1. DEREK ROLLINSON.2008.Organizational behaviour and Analysis an Integrated approach .4th edition.England:Pearson.pp.317-326. 2. GIBSON,IVANCEVICH,DONNELLY.1994.Organizations:Behaviour,Structure,Processes.8th edition.America:Irwin.p.5. 3. MARVIN E.SHAW .1984.Group Dynamics.Newyork:McGeawhill.pg.310. 4. ANDRZEJ HUCKZYNSKI and DAVID BUCHANAN.2001.Organizational Behaviour.4th edition. England: Prentice Hall.p.297 . 5. BELLA BANATHY, 2010.Leadership skills. The Eleven skills of Leadership. [online Journal] http://www.whitestag.org/skills/index.html 6. J GEOFFREY RAWLINSON .1981.Creative Thinking and Brainstorming. England: Gower

Parenting and Education During Early Childhood Essay

This paper will discuss various forms of caregivers, parenting styles, and early childhood education. Topics covered are: †¢ Evaluate the different types of parenting styles and their influence on development during infancy and early childhood. †¢ Compare and contrast at least two different kinds of caregivers and the positive and/or negative impacts on development during infancy and early childhood. (examples: stay at home parent, daycare, grandparent, and nanny) †¢ Discuss how early childhood education has evolved and its impact on cognitive development in early childhood. Parenting style is a psychological construct, strategies that parents use in the development of their child during infancy and early childhood. There are many differing theories and opinions on the best ways to rear children. Many parents create their own style from a combination of factors in the home, parent upbringing, and surrounding environment. The parent styles are affected by both parents (if both parents are involved with the child) and the child’s temperament; other influences include culture, tradition, and parent upbringing. Despite these challenges in child development, researchers have found links between parenting styles and how these styles affect children. In the early 1960’s psychologist Diana Baumrind conducted a study on 100 pre-school children. Observing the different parent involved in the study, it was identified that there are four dimensions of parenting. The four parenting styles are: The Four Parenting Styles †¢ Authoritarian Parenting: This type of parenting, children are expected to follow strict rules established by the parents. Authoritarian parents fail to explain the reason behind the set rules. Failure to follow these rules results in punishment. If the child asks to explain, the parent then replies to a simple answer â€Å"Because I said so†. These Authoritarian Parents have high demands but are non-responsive to their children. Diana Baumrind labels these parent as â€Å"obedience and status oriented and expect their orders to obeyed without explanation†. (1991) †¢ Authoritative Parenting: These parents like authoritarian parents establish rules and guidelines that are expected to followed by there children. But this style is more democratic, and parents are responsive to the child(s) and willing to listen to the child(s) questions. If the child fails to meet the expectations, the parents are more nurturing, forgiving, rather than punishing. They are assertive and not restrictive and intrusive; their disciplinary methods are supportive rather than punitive. The parents want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible, self-regulated, and well cooperative. Diana Baumrind suggests these parents â€Å"monitor and impart clear standards for their children’s conduct†. (1991) †¢ Permissive Parenting: Sometimes referred to as indulgent parents, they have very few demands from their children. Permissive parents rarely discipline their children, reason being the parents have low expectations of maturity and self-control. The parents are non-traditional and lenient; they do not require mature behavior and allow considerable self-regulation with confrontation avoidance. Baumrind refers to these parents as â€Å"generally nurturing and communicative with their children, often taking the role of friend rather than parent†. (1991) †¢ Uninvolved Parent: This parent style speaks for itself, parent have very few demands, little to no communication, and low responsiveness. These parents usually fulfill the child’s basic needs. They generally detached and in extreme cases reject or neglect the needs of the child or children. The Impact of Parenting Styles The outcomes of the parenting styles differ; these styles are produce effects rather than causes that lead to the child’s outcome. Here are some â€Å"general† outcomes from the parenting styles listed above. †¢ Authoritarian parenting children may have less social competence due to the parent or parents telling the child what to do instead of allowing the child to make a choice. In some cases the demands are to forceful and resulted with the child or children to break down, rebel or run away. †¢ Authoritative parenting is attentive to their children’s needs and will typically forgive and teach versus punishment for the child’s short comings. The result is the children have a higher self-esteem and independence. This is most recommended parenting style by experts. †¢ Permissive parenting children tend to more impulsive and may engage in more misconduct as an adolescent. The children go on to never learn to control their own behavior and always expect to get their way. As in better cases they child may mature quickly and live a very dependent life. †¢ Uninvolved parenting: children of uninvolved parents develop a sense that other aspects of the parents’ life are more important than they are. The child often attempt to provide for themselves, sometimes halt dependence on the parent to have a feeling of independence and mature beyond their years. Child from this environment often withdraw from social situations, this also impacts there relationships later on in life and they show patterns of truancy and delinquency. Studying these outcomes with any accuracy is very difficult, if not impossible, and trying to simply connect adult or adolescent outcomes to the parenting style used with them without adjusting for a multitude of other factors will produce misleading or false results. Some potential causes of these differences include culture, personality, family size, parental background, socioeconomic status, educational level and religion. Compare and Contrast Over the years child education has evolved from the old fashioned simple lectures and drill styled lessons of the past. Instead of the one dimensional process of teaching, it is based around not only learning by repetition but what motivates a child, using different means and medias to teach. By including all the kids and making it engaging and fun for them the kids are not only able to learn the material but to take the next step by using what they had learned. Theorist Piaget’s stated that children learned through a process called Concrete operational thought. In short this is the ability of a child to process experiences in a logical manner by the age of 8. The other big part of his theory revolved around perception. Where as a child of 9 years old lets’ say distinguishes between different types of bugs a child who is five years see all bug being the same even if nine happen to be ants and one is a grasshopper. In that younger child’s mind that separation hasn’t been made yet. Through all of Piaget’s experiments they showed that around the age of eight is when this ability is found in children. Piaget’s thought was that the main way of learning for kids was more through a process of discovery. Now on the other side of the spectrum was a theorist named Vygotsky. His thought process was one that children learned through cultural interactions, lesson instructions and through their own peers. That the lessons passed down through the generations were as important as the instructions during class. Things that were a knowledge base too were just as important. With all these things combined is what bridged the learning gap. Vygotsky also emphasized the importance of surrounding children with what is being taught. Reading a big focus among all ages and the importance for this to be learned is one huge example of his thought. If a child is surrounded by family who reads and encourages this to happen by not only telling but also engaging in the activity. In turn the child is more adept to follow in step. So in today’s schools the two theories are practiced or more combined into one. Meaning not only is the old fashioned style of repetitious lectures still partially important. It is also even more so encouraged that kids interact with one another in a fun positive environment led by a teacher. So in this way learning is taking place from many different angles. It is pushed for parents to get involved with their kids by more than just taking them to and from school but to read with them, to practice the math concepts they are taught. Teachers are also encouraged to look at the possible cultural differences and take them into account to develop their lesson plans. So in many ways the teaching of children has changed much from the previous generations. Early childhood Education More responsibilities come along happiness and pride of becoming parents. Children depend on their parents and also need their love and protection. Parents also have to decide what type of care giving they want for their kids. Daycare and stay-at-home are two different kinds of care giving parents may choose for their offspring. These are different in many ways, but at the same time they both benefit children. Studies have shown that daycare can be useful and stimulates a child’s intellectual and social development. Children get interaction with kids their same or different age and staff at daycares usually is trained in early childhood development. Furthermore these facilities are certified, and offer different types of educational games for children. Children’s experience at the daycare also contributes to their development (Chilman, 1993). That is by acquiring better language and cognitive skills as they grow up. On the other hand, daycare may not be affordable to everyone, since the cost is usually really high. As Chilman (1993), continues to explain in her study the lack of quality affordable child care causes numerous absences from work. She also mentions that daycare may not be available for sick children, children with special needs or infants. Staff members at daycares also have to care for more than one child at a time, therefore children may not get the attention they need while being there. Daycare children might not get to know their parents that well, especially if the parents have a real busy work schedule. Most parents would like to be their children’s primary caregivers and stay home to care for them. Being a stay-at-home parent brings satisfaction and pride by knowing their child is getting the attention and quality of care needed. The parent gets more time to bond, and witnesses each developmental milestone the child is going through such as, saying the first word, or taking the first step. Some professionals have found out that stay-at-home mothers have been shown to provide better care than working mothers (Shpancer, Melick, Sayre & Spivey, 2006). Even though the parent caring for the child at home can have playtime and bring out toys, the child still needs to interact with other kids their age and socialize with them. The mother or father may not have the special training or use the proper toys for the child to play with. Another disadvantage of this kind of care giving is that the parent has to stop working in order to care for their child. As Chilman (1993) illustrates on her findings career drives may be postponed by one or both parents for a short period of child care. This could affect the family financially and emotionally since the parent is not fulfilling his or her career goals. In short, it has been shown that daycare gives the child the opportunity to socialize with other children, and caregivers, but they also need the attention and nurturing care of their parents. Reference: Baumrind, D. (1967). Child-care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88. Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(1), 56-95. Chilman, Catherine S. (1993, July). Parental Employment and Child Care Trends: some Critical Issues and Suggested Policies. Social Work 38(4). Maccoby, E. E. , & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington, Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed. ). New York: Wiley. Maccoby, E. E. (1992). The role of parents in the socialization of children: An historical overview. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1006-1017. Au Shpancer, N. , Melick, K. M. , Sayre, P. S. , & Spivey, A. T. (2006, February). Quality of Care Attributions to Employed versus Stay-at-Home Mothers. Early Child Development and Care 176(2). http://psychology. about. com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style. htm Parenting Styles, The Four Parenting Styles Pulled from web Feb 1, 2012.

Theory of Language

1. THEORY OF LANGUAGE The theory of language underlying Duysel Learning was derived from a view of proposed by Turkish Linguistics in the 2000s. Duysel Learning Method involves both the learning of language knowledge and the cultivation of language skills, with the emphasis on both the form and the content of a language. In teaching practice, its all-inclusive nature requires English teachers to select special and effective teaching methods in conformity with its special tasks to avoid turning it into a pure practical course of oral English or a pure theoretical one on grammar.Regardless of all criticism it has received, the grammar-translation method has been an indispensable method in English teaching as well as a necessary step in the cultivation of students’ communicative ability in a non-English environment. A person cannot have successful communication before having a correct mastery of language rules. Although the applicability of the communicative method has been widel y accepted, this method is confronted with some practical problems.I think we should search for a fusion between the traditional teaching method and the modern teaching method with a more rational attitude based on the learner’s practical ability and request that is, adopting a new method fusing the two methods together in one class of comprehensive English. 1. THEORY OF LEARNING Language is the most important aspect in the life of all beings. We use language to express inner thoughts and emotions, make sense of complex and abstract thought, to learn to communicate with others, to fulfill our wants and needs, as well as to establish rules and maintain our culture.Language is a subtle and complex instrument used to communicate an incredible number of different things, but for our purposes here we can reduce the universe of communication to four basic categories: information, direction, emotion, and ceremony. The first two are often treated together because they express cogniti ve meaning while the latter two commonly express emotional meaning. Language is not learned primarily by learning the â€Å"rules† but rather by first listening to and understanding the spoken language and then practicing speaking.Occasionally, however, learning of rules can help many adults learn and use the language. Just do not make rules the focus of the course. While repetition and memorization can play an important role in language learning, they cannot by themselves insure that students will be able to use the language for any real purpose. Repetition and memorization, if used, must be accompanied by other activities requiring the application of the learned patterns in novel situations and with variation in vocabulary and even structure. . DESIGN a. Objectives/Syllabus In Duysel Learning Method, grammar teaching is not intended for studying grammar but help students to grasp language rules and fulfill listening, speaking, reading and writing practice in a better way. A s a result, teachers should create situations for real activities according to students’ daily life to guide students to understand, grasp and use grammar correctly in such situations.I once adopted a four-step method including introduction, imitation, summary and application to promote grammar teaching at comprehensive English class. In the introduction section, the teacher gives oral demonstration on some original or relevant sentences related to a certain grammar rule in order to introduce it. Selected examples should be in conformity with certain communicative situations hence putting it across to students to what situations this grammar rule applies.In the imitation process, students are required to have oral imitation of some expressions fit for the given situation after understanding examples, which further establishes a pattern for correct use of grammar knowledge in a new situation as well as checks whether they have understood the given knowledge points or not. In t he summary part, students are guided to sum up grammatical rules and points by analyzing specific situations themselves so that they will enjoy the joy of success. Students are expected to take notes so as to accumulate material for review.In the last step, some real situations are set to help students to practice using the learnt grammatical knowledge to have communication. Once they find that they can apply grammar to real communication and specific tasks instead of memorizing grammatical rules, students’ learning enthusiasm will be stimulated and their ability of independent analysis and solving problems will be cultivated as well. b. Types of Learning and Teaching Activities Duysel Learning Method emphasizes students’ comprehensive training in listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation.Due to the specialty of listening and speaking training, they are usually dealt with separately while other three skills are mainly trained through the learning of texts. As for listening and speaking, students are expected to follow classes given in English, to understand short conversations, lectures as well as reports with familiar topics, simple structure and a speed of 120 words per minute, to ask and answer and retell based on relevant listening material, to make conferred presentations based on familiar topics after adequate preparation.Obviously, the communicative method helps to achieve the teaching goal in listening and speaking practice. In practice, teachers may ask students to listen to tapes, do exercises and have discussions based on hot issues with teachers’ checking and instruction; they may also analyze some difficult points in listening material and have more extensive learning of new words and expressions. However, those who have been accustomed to the traditional method tend to keep silent and think little of this method since they cannot learn sufficient knowledge and language points.As a result, teachers should use the g rammar-translation method at times with the communicative method as the main line. For instance, some difficult points at the linguistic level can be explained with the traditional method. Students’ reading, writing and translation skills are mainly trained in learning texts. Teachers are expected to base their teaching on texts to give students certain information and language knowledge first of all by focusing on the translation and understanding of texts and then establish new situations beyond the texts for practice of communicative skills.I once adopted a four-step method including preparatory reading, listening and answering, communication on text and conferred communication in the text teaching process, achieving a natural transition and fusion of grammar-translation training and communicative training. In the first step, students are required to preview a text beforehand with their grammar-translation experience in which they can make sure about some new words, the gi st of the text and some questions and therefore have the next day’s class with full preparation.In the second step, the teacher first asks students to correct their pronunciation and intonation by imitating the tape and then plays the tape once again for students to answer questions or make judgments so as to check their preparatory reading. In the third step, the teacher may guide students to have communication in the context related to the text and help them to solve some problems in key words, sentences and understanding of content they displayed in the previous two steps.When explaining key words and sentences, the grammar-translation method should be used to deepen students’ understanding of the text and improve their ability to use language correctly and flexibly through right communication on the text. In the last step, students’ enthusiasm for communication is fully encouraged. Here the communication in this step is different from that in the previous st eps since teachers need to employ a variety of advanced teaching methods to create language situations and communicative tasks which originating from text while going beyond of it.Students are able to apply what they have learnt to real communication through continuing writing texts, having simulated dialogues, having role-plays, having discussions and so on, hence achieving the purpose of communicating ideas through language. c. Learner Roles Learners have to participate in classroom activities that were based on a cooperative rather than individualistic approach to learning. Students have to become comfortable with listening to their peers in group work or pair work tasks, rather than relying on the teacher for a model.They are expected to take on a greater degree of responsibility for their own learning. d. Teacher Roles Teachers have to assume the role of facilitator and monitor. Rather than being a model for correct speech and writing and one with the primary responsibility of making students produce plenty of error-free sentences, the teacher have to develop a different view of learners’ errors and of her/his own role in facilitating language learning. e. The Role of Instructional Materials Classical texts and carefully compiled texts according to grammar system are used.The materials usually consist of three parts: grammar, vocabulary, and text. The main functions of the materials used in Duysel Learning are presenting and reinforcing grammar rules and new words, and offering cultural information. Additionally, exercise handbooks, cue cards, activity cards, pair-communication practice materials. And student interaction practice booklets are employed in the activities with the aim of improving communicative skills. f. The Role of Native Language The role of language in learning cannot be over-emphasized. Language is the prime resource teachers have and use for mediating learning.When learning languages, then, teachers and students are working with language simultaneously as an object of study and as a medium for learning. In teaching languages, the target language is not simply a new code – new labels for the same concepts; rather, effectively taught, the new language and culture being learned offer the opportunity for learning new concepts and new ways of understanding the world. The target language should be used not only during communicative activities, but also for explaining the activities to the students or in assigning homework. However, native language is only used in making translation. . Feelings of Students Learner’s feelings are very important because students will be more motivated to study a foreign language since they will feel they are learning to do something useful with the language. They are given an opportunity to express their individuality by having them share their ideas and opinions on a regular basis. h. Evaluation The teacher evaluates not only the students’ accuracy, but also t heir fluency. Use an integrative test which has a real communicative function. To assess students’ writing skill, a teacher might ask them to write a letter to a friend.Written tests in which students are asked to translate from their native language to the target language or vice versa are also used. Questions about the foreign culture or questions that ask students to apply grammar rules are common. i. Treatments of Errors Errors of form are tolerated during fluency–based activities and they are seen as a natural outcome of the development of communication skills. But in the translation part, having the students get the correct answer is considered very important. If students make errors or don't know an answer, the teacher supplies them with the correct answer.